Seizure of a ship: an odd duck in the crowd
Ships are an unmistakable part of the Rotterdam landscape. Even 'our' view from the World Port Center is a daily reminder that Rotterdam is a true port city. In this article, we discuss the attachment of ships.
International trade: the CMR Convention
In international trade, it is very important that transport is also well regulated. After all, at least as important as the quality or "conformity" of the goods is that these goods arrive at their destination correctly and on time.
International trade: the Vienna Sales Convention
There is constant trading between business parties. Products are bought and delivered to be used, processed or, for example, resold. More than once these trading relationships cross the border of the Netherlands or even Europe. To prevent all kinds of different legal rules from applying in these trading relationships, there is the UN Convention on the International Sales of Goods (CISG), or the Vienna Sales Convention ("the Convention"). This Convention provides rules for international sale of goods.
Battle of forms: the applicability of General Terms and Conditions
The battle of forms is where a business enterprise has contracted with another business and both parties claim that their General Terms and Conditions are applicable to the contract that has been entered into. The question is which General Terms and Conditions apply in this instance?
Privacy and Data Protection: Brexit and third countries
As we all know the UK left the EU with effect from 1 January 2021. How does this affect the transfer and processing of personal data in the UK. The Withdrawal Agreement entered into by the EU and the UK regarding the withdrawal of the UK from the EU sets out a certain transitionary period. This transitional period expired as from 1st July 2021, meaning that the UK is treated as a third country with respect to the transfer and processing of personal date. What does this mean in practice for privacy and data protection?
Terminating a commercial contract
This article will explain in which way commercial agreements can be terminated under the Dutch Civil Code (DCC). The general rule in the Netherlands is that there is substantial freedom of parties to enter into an agreement.
When does a commercial agreement become a legally binding agreement?
It may be that your commercial enterprise was still negotiating the terms of a commercial contract and the negotiations did not result in an agreed written contract. At least that is what you thought until you received an invoice.
Practical legal tips on International Contracts for the Sale of Goods
When you are trading with an international party, it may well be that the UN Convention on contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is also applicable to the contract. Currently 97 countries are a member of this CISG, so there is a realistic chance that this CISG is also applicable to your contract of sale.
Requirements for CO2 reduction in state aid to KLM?
An important topic in aviation is the reduction of CO2 emmission. Aircraft burn kerosene and therefore emit CO2. Recently, the preliminary relief judge of the District Court of The Hague issued a judgment in the context of CO2 reduction by the Dutch airline KLM and the state aid that KLM received due to the corona pandemic. What conditions for CO2 reduction can be attached to that state aid?
IATA Travel Pass: ins and outs
International air traffic has been (partially) stopped for quite some time now. The corona crisis has had an enormous impact on the aviation industry. Restarting air traffic brings with it the necessary challenges in terms of information supply to passengers, the requirements of various governments, but also the requirements for airports and airlines.
